Elizabethtown College

Syllabus

First Year SEMINAR
”Conceptual Architecture: from Habitats to Humanoids”

and

Concurrent COLLOQUIUM Series
 (Fall, 2006)

Professor: Dr. Joseph T. Wunderlich
Office: Nicarry 237
Phone: 361-1295
Email: wunderjt@etown.edu
Office Hours: http://users.etown.edu/w/wunderjt/schedules/Schedule Card f06 joe w.htm

Seminar Course Description: Introduction to conceptual design skills that can be used in many disciplines; with particular emphasis on Engineering, the Arts, and the Physical and Natural Sciences. This course begins with conceptual design basics including sketching and abstract design. Particular attention will then be given to the human form. Topics on “accommodating humans” will include architecture, urban design, and machine ergonomics. Topics on “emulating humans” will include artificial humanoids and machine intelligence. Both a semester research paper and a comprehensive design portfolio are required. Ethical issues are also discussed.

Seminar Credits: Three (Letter graded)

Seminar Meeting Times and Places: Monday 5:20-6:20pm (NIC 125), Wednesday 3:30-5:00pm (H108)

Seminar Objectives:

·            Understanding, accommodating, and emulating the human form

·            Abstract thought and sketching

·            Basic Architectural Design

·            Basic Robotics and Machine Intelligence

·            Research, writing, and presentation skills

·            Academic and career planning

·            Ethics

 

Colloquium Course Description: Introduce students to various aspects of college life. Focus on some aspect of the college’s heritage and mission (specifically, peacemaking, social justice, human rights, and service) within an international context.

Colloquium Credit: One (Pass/Fail)

Colloquium Meeting Times and Places: Wednesday 11:00-11:50am (Chapel or H108)

Colloquium Objectives:

·            Introduce first year students to Elizabethtown as an academic community, using the college’s mission and identity statement as a guide.

·            Challenge students to think about peacemaking, human rights, and social justice in a global context

·            Experience varied cultural and learning opportunities outside the classroom

·            Understand the distinctive emphases of Elizabethtown College

·            Understand that a theme can be addressed from multiple disciplinary perspectives

·            Become involved in student-led activities

·            Understand the goals of service-learning

·            Understand that planning for purposeful life-work begins in the first year of college

 

Required Texts and Materials:

 

·            Gair, Angela (2001). Sketchbook Kit: With Charcoal, Pencils, & Eraser.  Chronicle Books; Bk & Acces edition. (ISBN: 0811831493) with small sketch book to be used for field-notes and preliminary sketches

·            Sketchbook Hunter Green cover 8 1/4 x 11. Watson-Guptill Publications. 1990.  (ISBN: 0823005119) to be used for “Design Portfolio”

·            “Key for Writers.” Houghton Mifflin Company; 4th Spiral edition, 2004 (ISBN: 0618437851)

·            Gerald Foster, "American houses," Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004.  (ISBN: 0618387994)

 

Some Required Readings:

 

·            Wunderlich, J.T. (2003). Defining the limits of machine intelligence. In Proceedings of IEEE SoutheastCon, Ocho Rios, Jamaica, [CD-ROM]. IEEE Press.

·            Wunderlich, J.T. (2004). Top-down vs. bottom-up neurocomputer design. In Intelligent Engineering Systems through Artificial Neural Networks, Proceedings of ANNIE 2004 International Conference, St. Louis, MO. H. Dagli (Ed.): Vol. 14. (pp. 855-866). New York, NY: ASME Press.

 

Supplemental Readings:

·            A number of relevant texts will be put on reserve in the library

·            A variety of additional selected papers will be given out in class

·            Etown College Library research guide for this course:  http://www2.etown.edu/library/fysArchitecture.htm

 

Grading:

·            10%   Attendance and participation (excused absences will require special make-up work assignments)

·            10%   Semester research project proposal

·            25%   Semester research project and presentation

·            5%    “Service” (if not completed, portfolio is worth an additional 5% of class grade). Choose one of the following:

1.         Do something for “into the streets”

2.         Propose something (must be approved)

·            30%   Portfolio (this includes periodic unannounced review by professor – i.e., procrastination will be penalized)

·            20%   Final exam

 

           COURSE GRADE:
                 (60-62)=D-, (63-67)=D, (68-69)=D+, (70-72)=C-, (73-77)=C, (78-79)=C+, (80-82)=B-, (83-87)=B, (88-89)=B+, (90-92)=A-, (93-100)=A
                  (with any fractional part rounded to the nearest integer)

 

Elizabethtown College Pledge of Integrity:

"Elizabethtown College is a community engaged in a living and learning experience, the foundation of which is mutual trust and respect. Therefore, we will strive to behave toward one another with respect for the rights of others, and we promise to represent as our work only that which is indeed our own, refraining from all forms of lying, plagiarizing, and cheating."

 

Disabilities:

If you have a documented disability and need reasonable accommodations to fully participate in course activities or meet course requirements, you must: (1) Contact the Director of Disability Services, Shirley Deichert, in the Center of Student Success, BSC 288, (717) 361-1227, deichesa@etown.edu, and (2) Meet with the instructor within two weeks of receiving a copy of the accommodation letter from Disability Services to discuss your accommodation needs and their implementation.

 

 Semester Research Project:

 The topic should be related to conceptual design of something that either accommodates or emulates humans.

 

PROPOSAL

Grading: letter graded

Due Date: to be announced

Late Penalties: 10% per class period

 

FINAL PROJECT

Grading: letter graded

Due Date: to be announced

Late Penalties:  20% per class period, up until last day of class

 

Groups of up to three people are allowed (and encouraged). The oral proposal should take approximately five to seven minutes (not including answering audience questions), and must contain visuals (using any software or medium you wish or may be a preliminary exhibition of your artwork). You must also list at least one book or peer-reviewed article researched as part of your preliminary work. Some things to avoid in your presentations:

·            More than 30 words per visual.

·            Reading directly from a script.

·            Poor contrast between text and background.

·            Too many sound effects (e.g., screeching car for every bullet).

·            Too many slides for allotted time (e.g., more than 3 slides per minute).

·            Speaking monotonically.

·            Never making eye contact with audience.

A good presentation:

o           Is as visual as possible.  A picture is worth a thousand words; and an equation or graph can be worth even more.

o           Often has an image on every page (e.g., clip-art, photo, animation, etc.) which is an abstraction of the subject matter on the slide (i.e., invokes an idea).

o           Has a clear objective (e.g., to entertain, to sell, to motivate, or to report findings).

o           Has a good “opener” (e.g., an agenda, a quotation, a question, or a declaration)

o           Is organized clearly and logically (e.g., by problem then solution; or by priorities – least-to-most or most-to-least).

o           Has the audience’s expectations understood (e.g., provide meaning and/or motivation).

o           Minimizes unnecessary details (i.e., don’t overwhelm audience with too much info).

o           Has good transitions between main points (i.e., short, attention-getting)

o           Has a good “closing” (i.e., summarizes main ideas, restates purpose of presentation)

o           Is flexible (i.e., can be modified on the fly if questions are allowed during presentation)

 

On the project due-date, both written and oral reports are due. The oral report must be done using either PowerPoint, a web page created by you for the project, or exhibited artwork created by you (e.g., sculpture, architectural model, etc.). It should take approximately ten minutes and contain an appropriate number of visuals. The written report must be in two-column, single-spaced, 10-point font and must use the IEEE formatting dictated by the paper: “Defining the limits of machine intelligence” by Dr. Wunderlich (to be handed out in class, and electronically). Also, attach to your paper the accompanying PowerPoint presentation printed six slides per page (or screen shots of your web page presentation, or photographs of your artwork).  The paper should be 4 to 6 pages (2 to 3 pages if you create artwork) and include:

1) An abstract (one or two paragraphs)

2) Miscellaneous discussions of details (this depends on the type of project)

3) Conclusions

4) A bibliography (i.e., a list of referenced material) – call it “References”

5) An appendix containing schematics, manufacturers literature, etc.

 

COURSE OUTLINE

 

I.                        Basics of the Human Form

A.        Skeletal structure

1)        Joints

2)        Kinematics and “Degrees of Freedom”

B.         Muscular structure

1)        Function of each muscle

2)        Muscle combinations for specific motions

3)        Proprioception

 

II.                     Basics of Conceptual Design

A.        Sketching

B.         Abstraction

C.        Bubble Diagrams

D.        Perspective Drawing

 

III.                  Accommodating Humans

A.        Architectural Concepts for Human Habitats

1)        Scale (AIA standards)

2)        Functional Evolution

3)        Forms and Shapes

4)        Balance and Symmetry

5)        Color

6)        Site Planning (and accommodating nature)

7)        Musical Analogies (e.g., rhythm, tempo, harmony, timbre)

B.         Urban Design Concepts

1)        Nodes

2)        Paths

3)        Edges

4)        Districts

C.        Ergonomics

1)        Conceptual Design of Machines for Human Use

2)        Tools

3)        Transportation

 

IV.                   Emulating  Humans

A.        Artificial Humanoids (Emulating Human Physiology)

1)        Biomechanics

2)        Senses

3)        Control Systems

B.         Artificial Brains

C.        “Bottom-up” Brain Models

D.        “Top-Down” Brain Models

E.         Neural Networks vs. Symbolic Artificial Intelligence

F.         The following “Mental Abilities” will be discussed by answering five simple questions:

·           What can humans do?

·           What can a simple insect do? (e.g., a spider)

·           What can a conventional computer do?

·           What can symbolic A.I. programming do? 

·           What can Artificial Neural networks do?

 

G.        Basic Animal Abilities: Acquire and retain knowledge, Solve problems, Motor coordination, Acquire energy, Protect self, Sensory processing, Real-time thought React instinctively, Anticipate, Predict, Communicate, Generalize, Associate, Recognition patterns, Robust under partial failure, Autonomous thought, Drive to reproduce, Stability, Repeatability, Predictability, Multitask

 

H.        Complex Abilities: Abstraction, Intuition, Common sense, Manipulate tools, Heuristics, Inference, Hypothesis testing, Self-discipline, impulse-control, Ethical behavior, Selective awareness, Open to inspection, Emotions, Imagination, Creativity, Passion, Playfulness, Empathy, Leadership, Self-awareness, Awareness of mortality, Group psychology

 

I.          Ethical Issues involving Machine Intelligence

1)        Replacing Humans

2)        Aiding Humans

3)        Military Uses

 

PORTFOLIO CONTENTS

In this order with all assignments numbered. Also leave at least one semi-blank page between assignments (for notes, etc.). Do not type or cut-and-paste anything into the portfolio. All writing and drawing must be in your own free hand (in pencil or ink). Don’t remove any pages. Portfolios will be graded on (1) Organization & readability, (2) Complexity & detail, (3) Esthetics, (4) Completeness, (5) Continuous progress throughout semester

 

1.         Sketch of campus. Identify the most important buildings to you.

2.         Sketch human stick-figure and label all joints with the appropriate “Degrees of Freedom”

3.         Scaled sketch of yourself (scale: 1 inch = 1 foot)

4.         Sketch a human skeleton

5.         Sketch and label all major human muscles

6.         Sketch human stick figures and list muscles most used when (a) kicking a soccer ball, (b) setting a volleyball, (c) proper-posture when working at a computer,  (d) improper-posture when working at a computer, (e) a person lifting a box, (f) a person hammering a nail in the wall, (g) a person arresting a forward fall, and (h) an person arresting a backward fall.

7.         Draw orthographic projections of a computer mouse (i.e., draw 3D cube around it then draw unfolded box).

8.         Sketch the hallway of a campus building using one-point perspective (use entire page and identify building)

9.         Draw a cube using two-point perspective with horizon halfway up the cube (use entire page), and then sketch a campus building using two-point perspective (viewed from corner of building). Use entire page and identify building.

10.     Sketch a floor-plan and a perspective drawing of your dorm room with you in it.

11.     Sketch a floor-plan of your living quarters when you are 90 years old. Also list assumptions and detailed specifications on adjoining page.

12.     Create a series of architectural sketches for your favorite architectural style

13.     Sketch a robot for space exploration on a terrestrial planet (use entire page and label all parts). Also list detailed specifications on adjoining page.

14.     Sketch a humanoid robot for assisting the elderly (use entire page and label all parts). Also list detailed specifications on adjoining page.

15.     Sketch a robot carpenter (not necessarily humanoid). Use entire page and label all parts. Also list detailed specifications on adjoining page.

16.     Sketch a robot police officer (not necessarily humanoid). Use entire page and label all parts. Also list detailed specifications on adjoining page.

17.     Sketch a multipurpose humanoid robot (use entire page and label all parts). Also list detailed specifications on adjoining page.

18.     Sketch the concept of a “bottom-up” biologically-inspired neurocomputer design, and a “top-down” psychologically-inspired neurocomputer design

 

FINAL EXAM

 All answers (Except for part C) must be put into your portfolio STARTING IN THE MIDDLE OF THE PORTFOLIO. Your entire portfolio (including Final Exam) must be submitted at 3:30 on the Wednesday of the last week of classes. Do not type or cut-and-paste anything into the portfolio. All writing and drawing must be in your own free hand (in pencil or ink). Don’t remove any pages.

 A) Answer the following 5 point question on ethics. Write a 400 to 600 word essay titled “Balancing Freedom and Responsibility” which compares, in your opinion, the most important freedoms you have to the responsibilities that accompany them. You must include reference to all of the following:

q         The U.S. Constitution (http://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/constitution.overview.html) or the equivalent governing document(s) of the government of your citizenship.

q         The Elizabethtown College Pledge of Integrity

q         One of the following codes of ethics (i.e., the one most applicable to your future profession):

·         Code of Ethics for the National Society of Professional Engineers (NSPE) http://www.nspe.org/ethics/eh1-code.asp

·         Code of Ethics for the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) http://www.ieee.org/portal/pages/about/whatis/code.html

·         Code of Ethics for the American Institute of Architects (AIA) http://www.aia.org/SiteObjects/files/codeofethics.pdf

·         Code of Ethics for the National Education Association (NEA) http://www.nea.org/aboutnea/code.html

·         Code of Conduct for the American Psychological Association (APA) http://www.apa.org/ethics/code2002.html

·         Principles of Medical Ethics for the American Medical Association (AMA) http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/category/2512.html

·         Code of Ethics for Investment Advisors by Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) http://www.sec.gov/rules/proposed/ia-2209.htm

·         Code of Ethics for the Society of Professional Journalists (SPJ) http://www.spj.org/ethicscode.asp

·         Code of Ethics for the Radio and Television News Directors and Association (RTNDA) http://www.rtnda.org/ethics/coe.shtml

 

 

B) Select only three of the following questions to answer. Each is worth 25 points. If you answer more than three, only the three lowest scores will be counted (i.e., just answer three!):

 

    1) Human Form and Architectural Ergonomics: Design a playroom for a child. On a separate page (just one page) for each, do the following:

 

a)        Using the “AIA” human body-data handed out in class, create a profile for your child including age, gender, height, and weight. Also assume your subject child is disabled and specify what the disability is.

b)        Make dimensioned and scaled (1 inch = 1 foot) stick-figure sketches of the child standing (front-view), standing (side-view), standing (top-view), and seated (side-view).

c)         Research your child’s disability and create a list of “Vision Terms” for the child’s playroom design. You may want to research the ADA (American Disabilities Act).

d)        Sketch a labeled and scaled (1/2 inch = 1 foot) floor plan of the playroom.

e)        List detailed specifications of any special toys, rehab or OT equipment, or special electronic devices for the child.

 

    2) “Artistic” Sketches of Human Form: Sketch the development of a human. On a separate page (just one page) for each, do the following:

 

a)        Create a high-quality sketch of a two-month old baby crawling.

b)        Create a high-quality sketch of a two-year old baby walking for the first time.

c)         Create a high-quality sketch of a eight-year old playing a sport of your choosing.

d)        Create a high-quality sketch of a eighteen-year old receiving college diploma.

 

    3) Architectural and Urban Design Analysis: (do not do #4 if you choose this question) On a separate page (just one page) for each, do the following:

 

a)        Sketch the Milky Way galaxy and identify approximately where we live.

b)        Sketch our solar system Sketch a map of the U.S. including all states

c)         Sketch a map of Pennsylvania showing major cities and topographical features (e.g., rivers, mountains). Also show Etown.

d)        Sketch a map of the town of Elizabethtown (include the college)

e)        Pick a building on Campus and sketch an aerial view (“i.e., “Plan View”) of your subject building. Show all immediately adjacent buildings.

f)          Use “Lynch Analysis”  to sketch the interaction of your building with surrounding buildings.

g)        On four separate pages, sketch each of the sides (i.e., “elevations”) of the building. (no perspective necessary)

h)        List all of the architectural terms given in lecture and next to each one discuss how they apply to your subject building.

 

    4) “Artistic” Architectural Analysis Sketches: (do not do #3 if you choose this question) On a separate page (just one page) for each, do the following:

 

a)        Sketch the Milky Way galaxy and identify approximately where we live.

b)        Sketch our solar system

c)         Sketch a high-quality semi-detailed view of earth (including the United States) from outer space. Also Draw latitude lines and make sure that the curvature of the earth is included in the perspective.

d)        Pick a building on Campus and sketch a high-quality aerial perspective of your subject building. Show all immediately adjacent buildings.

e)        On four separate pages, sketch high-quality perspective drawings of each of the sides of the building.

f)          Research and discuss the architectural style(s) of this building.

 

   5) Architectural Design: Design a home for you and your immediate family in the future (assume you and your spouse are 30 years old, your children are toddlers, and your animals are indoor/outdoor pets. On a separate page (just one page) for each, do the following:

 

a)        Show researched statistics on a region of the county that you would like to live (include climate data, crime-rates, quality schools for children, and opportunities for your occupation(s).

b)        Draw a Site Plan of a hypothetical property that you would like to have and include north arrow, trees, location of house, sunrises and sunsets for summer and winter solstices, and any other features you think are important.

c)         Make a list of Vision-Terms for the design of your house.

d)        Make bubble diagrams for the floors of your house.

e)        Sketch floor plans for your house.

f)          Choose an architectural style(s) for your home

g)        Sketch a picture of the front of your house (i.e. “Front Elevation Drawing”). Perspective is not required, but would be nice.

 

   6) Humanoid Body Replacement: (do not do #7 if you choose this question)  Imagine that in 80 years from now your body is failing but your mind is still fully functional. On a separate page (just one page) for each, do the following:

 

a)        Using the circle and square “DA Vinci Man” method, sketch your present body to-scale (1 inch = 1 foot).

b)        Assume in 80 years from now your head is surgically severed and your eyes and ears are removed. Sketch using the circle and square “DA Vinci Man” method (to-scale: 1 inch = 1 foot) robotic replacements for all of your parts.

c)         Discuss your means of locomotion.

d)        Discuss your means of protection from natural elements (including, if you like, repelling animal/human attacks)

e)        Discuss each of your six senses (including “proprioception”) and how they have been enhanced (or preserved).

f)          Discuss your means of heating and cooling yourself (don’t forget that most of your head is still biological)

g)        Discuss your means of energy acquisition and synthesis (don’t forget that most of your head will remain biological).

 

   7) “Artistic Concepts” of Humanoid Body Replacement: (do not do #6 if you choose this question)   Imagine that in 80 years from now your body is failing but your mind is still fully functional. On a separate page (just one page) for each, do the following:

 

a)        Create a high-quality sketch of your present body to-scale (1 inch = 1 foot) running.

b)        Research and create high-quality anatomical sketches of Human eyes, ears, nose, tongue and hand.

c)         Research and create high-quality sketches of detailed robotic replacement parts for human eyes, ears, nose, tongue and hand.

d)        Assume in 80 years from now your head is surgically severed and your eyes and ears are removed. Assuming your body, eyes, and ears have been fitted with robotic replacement parts, create a high-quality sketch of the “new-you” running (or in motion by some other means of locomotion).

 

   8) Brain Models and Emulation’s

 Research the human biological brain and create a labeled sketch of the major functional parts (a minimum of 10 separately functioning parts).

a)        Research and sketch a human neuron and discuss how it works.

b)        Discuss what you believe to be the most controversial of the “Human Mental Abilities” listed in Dr. Wunderlich’s paper “Defining the Limits of Machine Intelligence” and discuss your perspectives on the role of artificial system’s for emulating this ability in the future.

c)         Research publications on “Neurocomputers,” (including Dr. Wunderlich’s paper “Top-Down vs. Bottom-up Neurocomputer Design”) and compare and contrast the mechanics of biological vs. machine learning (you may use up to three pages for this). Include citations in IEEE format with references at the end of your discussion.

 

C) Do not answer this question in your portfolio; email your answer to Dr. W. and type the text of your answer into the body of the email instead of into a separate attached document.

      Answer the following 20 point question on Freshman Seminar Colloquiums (i.e., Wednesday at 11:00 activities).

1)        List all of the FYS Wednesday at 11:00 colloquiums; and next to each one list what you liked or disliked (for the ones you missed, you must survey someone who attended)

2)        Discuss what you think the intended collective-purpose of these colloquiums was.

3)        Discuss what you think the intended collective-purpose of these colloquiums should be.

4)        Using up to three pages, design a mostly-new colloquium experience.

 

 

 

PORTFOLIO AND FINAL EXAM MUST BE COMPLETED AND SUBMITTED ON THE FRIDAY OF THE LAST WEEK OF CLASS in Nicarry #237

 

Everything below is information added after the beginning of the semester:

 

ASSIGNED SEMESTER PROJECT GROUPS, TITLES, AND RESEARCH

q         Proposals (including summary of preliminary research) Groups #1 and #5 due October 9th; Groups #3 an #4 due October 11th at 11:00am; Group #2 due October 18th at 3:30pm.

q         Final paper and presentation due November 13th

 

GROUP #1 (“Medical” students Ruby, Elton, and Jonathan)

“Alternative medicines: efficacy and what we just don’t know yet”

Required Research: Must include at least: (1) World history of herbal remedies; (2) The role of the Food and Drug Administration; (3) Eastern medical philosophies; (4) Acupuncture; (5) The influence of belief systems on medical practice; (6) The influence of self-awareness and proprioception.

Required field assignment: Visit and interview someone in all medical areas of Hershey Medical Center

 

GROUP #2 (“Architectural” students Sarah, Bryan, and Gregory)

“How to become an architect: undergraduate options, graduate schools, and apprenticeships”

Required Research: Must include at least: (1) A comparison of Architecture vs. Architectural Engineering; (2) A comparison of Architecture vs. Interior Design; (3) An analysis of related Etown courses; (4) Rankings of graduate architectural programs; (5) A survey of entrance requirements for graduate architectural programs; (6) A summary of the role of the American Institute of Architects {AIA}; (7) State licensing requirements for architects; (8) A description of several architectural apprenticeships.

Two required field assignments: (1) Visit and interview a practicing Architect, and (2) Visit and interview an Architecture professor.. 

 

GROUP #3 (“Child Education” students Kara and Brett)

“The physiology and psychology of coaching children”

Required Research: Must include at least: (1) Growth charts; (2) Injury statistics; (3) A comparison of various coaching strategies; (4) AIA human dimension data; (5) An analysis of body “types” and age -- and recommend best-fit sports for each.

Required field assignment: Observe children being coached.

 

GROUP #4 (“Computer Science and Engineering” students Amelia and Matthew)

“Computer applications for architecture and structural design”

Required Research: Must include at least: (1) A discussion of various architectural design criteria; (2) A comparison of structural analysis criteria for steel, reinforced concrete, and wood structures; (3) A survey of software packages including prices and sample visuals.

 

GROUP #5 (“Mixed Interests” students Rebecca, Sara, and Maria)

“Collaborations between the arts, sciences, humanities, and professional studies”

Recommended Research: Investigate perspectives on music in all disciplines (e.g., survey all 19 Elizabethtown academic departments)

 

ELABORATION OF ATTENDANCE POLICY FOR ATHELETES:

1) The only automatically excused class time for athletes is Mondays 5:20 to 6:20pm (unless attendance is requested via email by Professor). However, these excused absences must be made up by completion of special assignments.

2) All athletes are expected to attend the Wednesday 3:30 to 5:00pm class -- the only excused absences will be for departing to away games that require early departure to travel a long distance. Otherwise, each missed class will result in attendance penalties unless your coach sends me an email explaining why you need to miss.

 

Minor modifications to portfolio requirements:

1)        Portfolio item #7 now requires orthographic projections of a computer mouse, and the two-point perspective of a box is now merged with portfolio item #9.

2)        Portfolio grades will be enhanced by adding quality notes from lectures and discussions – and points may be deducted if no notes are shown on any assignments.  All notes should be located near related portfolio assignments.

 

New required text:

Gerald Foster, "American houses," Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004.  (ISBN: 0618387994)

 

For Final Exam part C, do not answer this question in your portfolio; email your answer to Dr. W. and type the text of your answer into the body of the email instead of into a separate attached document. This is so it can be shared with other faculty.

PORTFOLIO AND FINAL EXAM MUST BE COMPLETED AND SUBMITTED ON THE FRIDAY OF THE LAST WEEK OF CLASS in Nicarry #237